Variables to Cases



C:\Dropbox\PilesOfVariance\Chapter3a\SPSS\SPSS_Chapter3a.sav


Generated VariablesGenerated Variables, table, 1 levels of column headers and 0 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 4 rows
Name Label
time <none>
outcome outcome1: Learning Outcome at Time 1
Processing StatisticsProcessing Statistics, table, 0 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 3 rows
Variables In 4
Variables Out 4


Chapter 3a Example: Means by group and time for learning outcome



Summarize


Case Processing SummaryCase Processing Summary, table, 3 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 5 rows
  Cases
Included Excluded Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
outcome: Learning Outcome * group: Treatment Group (1=control, 2=treatment) * time: Occasion (1=pre-test, 2=post-test) 100 100.0% 0 0.0% 100 100.0%
ReportReport, table, outcome: Learning Outcome, 1 layers, 1 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 12 rows
outcome: Learning Outcome
group: Treatment Group (1=control, 2=treatment) time: Occasion (1=pre-test, 2=post-test) N Mean Std. Error of Mean Minimum Maximum
1 1 25 49.08 1.137 38 60
2 25 54.90 1.126 45 67
Total 50 51.99 .894 38 67
2 1 25 50.76 .907 41 62
2 25 58.62 .986 47 69
Total 50 54.69 .869 41 69
Total 1 50 49.92 .730 38 62
2 50 56.76 .787 45 69
Total 100 53.34 .635 38 69


Eq 3a.1: Empty Between-Person Model



Mixed Model Analysis


WarningsWarnings, table, 0 levels of column headers and 0 levels of row headers, table with 1 columns and 2 rows
A(n) FIXED subcommand has no specifications and will therefore be ignored.
Model DimensionaModel Dimension, table, 1 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 6 rows
  Number of Levels Covariance Structure Number of Parameters Subject Variables Number of Subjects
Fixed Effects Intercept 1   1    
Repeated Effects time 2 Identity 1 PersonID 50
Total 3   2    
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Information CriteriaaInformation Criteria, table, 0 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 8 rows
-2 Restricted Log Likelihood 651.580
Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 653.580
Hurvich and Tsai's Criterion (AICC) 653.622
Bozdogan's Criterion (CAIC) 657.176
Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion (BIC) 656.176
The information criteria are displayed in smaller-is-better form.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Fixed Effects


Type III Tests of Fixed EffectsaType III Tests of Fixed Effects, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 4 rows
Source Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
Intercept 1 99 7053.654 .000
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Estimates of Fixed EffectsaEstimates of Fixed Effects, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 5 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error df t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 53.339583 .635101 99 83.986 .000 52.079405 54.599760
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Covariance Parameters


Estimates of Covariance ParametersaEstimates of Covariance Parameters, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 5 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Repeated Measures Variance 40.335282 5.733007 7.036 .000 30.528157 53.292933
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Residual Covariance (R) MatrixaResidual Covariance (R) Matrix, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 3 columns and 6 rows
  [time = 1] [time = 2]
[time = 1] 40.335282 0
[time = 2] 0 40.335282
Identity
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Eq 3a.2: Empty Within-Person Model



Mixed Model Analysis


WarningsWarnings, table, 0 levels of column headers and 0 levels of row headers, table with 1 columns and 2 rows
A(n) FIXED subcommand has no specifications and will therefore be ignored.
Model DimensionaModel Dimension, table, 1 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 6 rows
  Number of Levels Covariance Structure Number of Parameters Subject Variables Number of Subjects
Fixed Effects Intercept 1   1    
Repeated Effects time 2 Compound Symmetry 2 PersonID 50
Total 3   3    
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Information CriteriaaInformation Criteria, table, 0 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 8 rows
-2 Restricted Log Likelihood 646.809
Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 650.809
Hurvich and Tsai's Criterion (AICC) 650.934
Bozdogan's Criterion (CAIC) 658.000
Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion (BIC) 656.000
The information criteria are displayed in smaller-is-better form.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Fixed Effects


Type III Tests of Fixed EffectsaType III Tests of Fixed Effects, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 4 rows
Source Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
Intercept 1 49.000 5397.495 .000
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Estimates of Fixed EffectsaEstimates of Fixed Effects, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 5 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error df t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 53.339583 .726028 49.000 73.468 .000 51.880575 54.798591
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Covariance Parameters


Estimates of Covariance ParametersaEstimates of Covariance Parameters, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 6 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Repeated Measures CS diagonal offset 28.206400 5.641280 5.000 .000 19.059318 41.743414
CS covariance 12.252647 6.025635 2.033 .042 .442618 24.062675
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Residual Covariance (R) MatrixaResidual Covariance (R) Matrix, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 3 columns and 6 rows
  [time = 1] [time = 2]
[time = 1] 40.459046 12.252647
[time = 2] 12.252647 40.459046
Compound Symmetry
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Eq 3a.7: Conditional Between-Person Model (top of Eq. 3.7); Manual Contrasts for Time and Group



Mixed Model Analysis


Model DimensionaModel Dimension, table, 1 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 9 rows
  Number of Levels Covariance Structure Number of Parameters Subject Variables Number of Subjects
Fixed Effects Intercept 1   1    
time1 1   1    
treat 1   1    
time1 * treat 1   1    
Repeated Effects time 2 Identity 1 PersonID 50
Total 6   5    
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Information CriteriaaInformation Criteria, table, 0 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 8 rows
-2 Restricted Log Likelihood 602.507
Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 604.507
Hurvich and Tsai's Criterion (AICC) 604.550
Bozdogan's Criterion (CAIC) 608.071
Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion (BIC) 607.071
The information criteria are displayed in smaller-is-better form.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Fixed Effects


Type III Tests of Fixed EffectsaType III Tests of Fixed Effects, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 7 rows
Source Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
Intercept 1 96 2211.730 .000
time1 1 96 15.565 .000
treat 1 96 1.299 .257
time1 * treat 1 96 .958 .330
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Estimates of Fixed EffectsaEstimates of Fixed Effects, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 8 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error df t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 49.076798 1.043542 96 47.029 .000 47.005382 51.148213
time1 5.822365 1.475792 96 3.945 .000 2.892941 8.751789
treat 1.681942 1.475792 96 1.140 .257 -1.247482 4.611366
time1 * treat 2.042527 2.087085 96 .979 .330 -2.100304 6.185358
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Covariance Parameters


Estimates of Covariance ParametersaEstimates of Covariance Parameters, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 5 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Repeated Measures Variance 27.224523 3.929521 6.928 .000 20.516342 36.126064
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Residual Covariance (R) MatrixaResidual Covariance (R) Matrix, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 3 columns and 6 rows
  [time = 1] [time = 2]
[time = 1] 27.224523 0
[time = 2] 0 27.224523
Identity
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 1 (Mean: Control Group at Pre-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 49.076798 1.043542 96 0 47.029 .000 47.005382 51.148213
a. Mean: Control Group at Pre-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 2 (Mean: Control Group at Post-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 54.899163 1.043542 96 0 52.608 .000 52.827747 56.970578
a. Mean: Control Group at Post-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 3 (Mean: Treatment Group at Pre-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 50.758740 1.043542 96 0 48.641 .000 48.687324 52.830155
a. Mean: Treatment Group at Pre-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 4 (Mean: Treatment Group at Post-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 58.623631 1.043542 96 0 56.178 .000 56.552216 60.695047
a. Mean: Treatment Group at Post-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 5 (Time  Effect for Control Group)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 5.822365 1.475792 96 0 3.945 .000 2.892941 8.751789
a. Time Effect for Control Group
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 6 (Time  Effect for Treatment Group)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 7.864892 1.475792 96 0 5.329 .000 4.935468 10.794316
a. Time Effect for Treatment Group
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 7 (Group Effect at Pre-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 1.681942 1.475792 96 0 1.140 .257 -1.247482 4.611366
a. Group Effect at Pre-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 8 (Group Effect at Post-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 3.724468 1.475792 96 0 2.524 .013 .795045 6.653892
a. Group Effect at Post-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Eq 3a.7: Conditional Within-Person Model (bottom of Eq. 3.7); Manual Contrasts for Time and Group



Mixed Model Analysis


Model DimensionaModel Dimension, table, 1 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 9 rows
  Number of Levels Covariance Structure Number of Parameters Subject Variables Number of Subjects
Fixed Effects Intercept 1   1    
time1 1   1    
treat 1   1    
time1 * treat 1   1    
Repeated Effects time 2 Compound Symmetry 2 PersonID 50
Total 6   6    
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Information CriteriaaInformation Criteria, table, 0 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 8 rows
-2 Restricted Log Likelihood 544.699
Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 548.699
Hurvich and Tsai's Criterion (AICC) 548.828
Bozdogan's Criterion (CAIC) 555.828
Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion (BIC) 553.828
The information criteria are displayed in smaller-is-better form.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Fixed Effects


Type III Tests of Fixed EffectsaType III Tests of Fixed Effects, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 7 rows
Source Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
Intercept 1 56.467 2211.730 .000
time1 1 48.000 95.330 .000
treat 1 56.467 1.299 .259
time1 * treat 1 48.000 5.866 .019
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Estimates of Fixed EffectsaEstimates of Fixed Effects, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 8 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error df t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 49.076798 1.043542 56.467 47.029 .000 46.986712 51.166883
time1 5.822365 .596328 48.000 9.764 .000 4.623367 7.021363
treat 1.681942 1.475792 56.467 1.140 .259 -1.273885 4.637769
time1 * treat 2.042527 .843335 48.000 2.422 .019 .346888 3.738165
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Covariance Parameters


Estimates of Covariance ParametersaEstimates of Covariance Parameters, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 6 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Repeated Measures CS diagonal offset 4.445088 .907350 4.899 .000 2.979405 6.631796
CS covariance 22.779435 5.123633 4.446 .000 12.737300 32.821571
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Residual Covariance (R) MatrixaResidual Covariance (R) Matrix, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 3 columns and 6 rows
  [time = 1] [time = 2]
[time = 1] 27.224523 22.779435
[time = 2] 22.779435 27.224523
Compound Symmetry
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 1 (Mean: Control Group at Pre-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 49.076798 1.043542 56.467 0 47.029 .000 46.986712 51.166883
a. Mean: Control Group at Pre-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 2 (Mean: Control Group at Post-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 54.899163 1.043542 56.467 0 52.608 .000 52.809078 56.989248
a. Mean: Control Group at Post-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 3 (Mean: Treatment Group at Pre-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 50.758740 1.043542 56.467 0 48.641 .000 48.668654 52.848825
a. Mean: Treatment Group at Pre-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 4 (Mean: Treatment Group at Post-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 58.623631 1.043542 56.467 0 56.178 .000 56.533546 60.713717
a. Mean: Treatment Group at Post-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 5 (Time  Effect for Control Group)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 5.822365 .596328 48.000 0 9.764 .000 4.623367 7.021363
a. Time Effect for Control Group
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 6 (Time  Effect for Treatment Group)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 7.864892 .596328 48.000 0 13.189 .000 6.665894 9.063890
a. Time Effect for Treatment Group
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 7 (Group Effect at Pre-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 1.681942 1.475792 56.467 0 1.140 .259 -1.273885 4.637769
a. Group Effect at Pre-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Custom Hypothesis Test 8 (Group Effect at Post-Test)


Contrast Estimatesa,bContrast Estimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 6 rows
Contrast Estimate Std. Error df Test Value t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
L1 3.724468 1.475792 56.467 0 2.524 .014 .768641 6.680296
a. Group Effect at Post-Test
b. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Eq 3a.7: Conditional Within-Person Model (bottom of Eq. 3.7); Categorical Predictors for Time and Group



Mixed Model Analysis


Model DimensionaModel Dimension, table, 1 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 9 rows
  Number of Levels Covariance Structure Number of Parameters Subject Variables Number of Subjects
Fixed Effects Intercept 1   1    
time1 2   1    
treat 2   1    
time1 * treat 4   1    
Repeated Effects time 2 Compound Symmetry 2 PersonID 50
Total 11   6    
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Information CriteriaaInformation Criteria, table, 0 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 2 columns and 8 rows
-2 Restricted Log Likelihood 544.699
Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 548.699
Hurvich and Tsai's Criterion (AICC) 548.828
Bozdogan's Criterion (CAIC) 555.828
Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion (BIC) 553.828
The information criteria are displayed in smaller-is-better form.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Fixed Effects


Type III Tests of Fixed EffectsaType III Tests of Fixed Effects, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 7 rows
Source Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
Intercept 1 48.000 5689.772 .000
time1 1 48.000 263.410 .000
treat 1 48.000 3.653 .062
time1 * treat 1 48.000 5.866 .019
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Estimates of Fixed EffectsaEstimates of Fixed Effects, table, 2 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 14 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error df t Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 58.623631 1.043542 56.467 56.178 .000 56.533546 60.713717
[time1=.00] -7.864892 .596328 48.000 -13.189 .000 -9.063890 -6.665894
[time1=1.00] 0b 0 . . . . .
[treat=.00] -3.724468 1.475792 56.467 -2.524 .014 -6.680296 -.768641
[treat=1.00] 0b 0 . . . . .
[time1=.00] * [treat=.00] 2.042527 .843335 48.000 2.422 .019 .346888 3.738165
[time1=.00] * [treat=1.00] 0b 0 . . . . .
[time1=1.00] * [treat=.00] 0b 0 . . . . .
[time1=1.00] * [treat=1.00] 0b 0 . . . . .
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.


Covariance Parameters


Estimates of Covariance ParametersaEstimates of Covariance Parameters, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 8 columns and 6 rows
Parameter Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Repeated Measures CS diagonal offset 4.445088 .907350 4.899 .000 2.979405 6.631796
CS covariance 22.779435 5.123633 4.446 .000 12.737300 32.821571
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Residual Covariance (R) MatrixaResidual Covariance (R) Matrix, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 3 columns and 6 rows
  [time = 1] [time = 2]
[time = 1] 27.224523 22.779435
[time = 2] 22.779435 27.224523
Compound Symmetry
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


Estimated Marginal Means



1. time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) * treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment)


EstimatesaEstimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 8 rows
time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) Mean Std. Error df 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
.00 .00 49.077 1.044 56.467 46.987 51.167
1.00 50.759 1.044 56.467 48.669 52.849
1.00 .00 54.899 1.044 56.467 52.809 56.989
1.00 58.624 1.044 56.467 56.534 60.714
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Pairwise ComparisonsaPairwise Comparisons, table, 2 levels of column headers and 3 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 11 rows
treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) (I) time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) (J) time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error df Sig.c 95% Confidence Interval for Differencec
Lower Bound Upper Bound
.00 .00 1.00 -5.822* .596 48.000 .000 -7.021 -4.623
1.00 .00 5.822* .596 48.000 .000 4.623 7.021
1.00 .00 1.00 -7.865* .596 48.000 .000 -9.064 -6.666
1.00 .00 7.865* .596 48.000 .000 6.666 9.064
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
c. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no adjustments).
Univariate TestsaUnivariate Tests, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 6 rows
treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
.00 1 48.000 95.330 .000
1.00 1 48.000 173.946 .000
Each F tests the simple effects of time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) within each level combination of the other effects shown. These tests are based on the linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.


2. time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) * treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment)


EstimatesaEstimates, table, 2 levels of column headers and 2 levels of row headers, table with 7 columns and 8 rows
time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) Mean Std. Error df 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
.00 .00 49.077 1.044 56.467 46.987 51.167
1.00 50.759 1.044 56.467 48.669 52.849
1.00 .00 54.899 1.044 56.467 52.809 56.989
1.00 58.624 1.044 56.467 56.534 60.714
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
Pairwise ComparisonsaPairwise Comparisons, table, 2 levels of column headers and 3 levels of row headers, table with 9 columns and 11 rows
time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) (I) treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) (J) treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error df Sig.c 95% Confidence Interval for Differencec
Lower Bound Upper Bound
.00 .00 1.00 -1.682 1.476 56.467 .259 -4.638 1.274
1.00 .00 1.682 1.476 56.467 .259 -1.274 4.638
1.00 .00 1.00 -3.724* 1.476 56.467 .014 -6.680 -.769
1.00 .00 3.724* 1.476 56.467 .014 .769 6.680
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.
c. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no adjustments).
Univariate TestsaUnivariate Tests, table, 1 levels of column headers and 1 levels of row headers, table with 5 columns and 6 rows
time1: Time (0=pre-test, 1=post-test) Numerator df Denominator df F Sig.
.00 1 56.467 1.299 .259
1.00 1 56.467 6.369 .014
Each F tests the simple effects of treat: Treatment Group (0=control, 1=treatment) within each level combination of the other effects shown. These tests are based on the linearly independent pairwise comparisons among the estimated marginal means.
a. Dependent Variable: outcome: Learning Outcome.